One of marijuana’s best-known applications in medicine is its relief of nausea and appetite loss in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. So, it’s easy to think that that’s all cannabis can do for cancer patients: make chemotherapy a little less hellish. In theory, however, cannabis could do several other things for cannabis patients too, including fighting the cancer itself. This article summarizes these yet-to-be-proven ways in the briefest manner possible; for complete arguments and counterarguments, consult the Sources and Suggested Reading section at the end. 

Although clinical proof is either insufficient (for lack of human trials) or missing entirely for these potential benefits, they seem less farfetched when you consider that cannabis can reverse memory loss, treat diabetes, speed up healing for wounds and regrow hair. We’ve even got anecdotal evidence of cannabis having preempted a probable cancer diagnosis for Dr. Michael Moskowitz, a board-certified psychiatrist and pain specialist. So, keep an open mind.

Can cannabis intervene when cancer is in its earliest stages? One man believes that it can. Read about Dr. Michael Moskowitz’s experience with treating cancer with a cannabis tincture.

What can cannabis potentially do to fight cancer?

Cannabinoids are the cannabis plant’s active ingredients, and these are what show promise for fighting cancer. Those that have been studied the most for this treatment are anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), in addition to synthetic compounds that mimic the cannabis plant. For a comprehensive literature review that covers every study on this from the 1970s to the early 2020s, including numerous graphics to summarize text, read “Cannabinoids as anticancer drugs: current status of preclinical research.”

Cannabis might decrease cancer cells by promoting apoptosis.

The cells in our body are biologically programed to self-destruct when they become damaged, a process called apoptosis. Research published in January 2023 states that cannabinoid receptors on glioma (one of the most malignant types of cancer) cells achieved the effect of apoptosis by inhibiting cancer cell survival/proliferation. And research published in March 2022 in “Cancers (Basel)” states: “Cannabinoids have been shown to exert their anticarcinogenic effects at different levels of skin cancer progression, such as inhibition of tumour growth, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, as well as inducing apoptosis and autophagy.”

Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0), Creator: Zielonka K Jamroziak K

Cannabis might shrink or slow the growth of tumors through anti-angiogenesis.

In preclinical studies, cannabis’s active ingredients have been shown to slow the growth of tumors by inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels (anti-angiogenesis) or blocking signaling pathways. The two cannabinoids that are most likely to accomplish this are CBD and THC. Preclinical research from February 2022 suggests that CBD could address many of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cancers. And in a March 2000 feasibility study that included humans in a small clinical trial, injecting THC directly into tumors not only slowed the growth but actually shrank the tumor. 

Cancer Cells /Credit: rawpixel.com, Creator: rawpixel.com

Cannabis might stop cancer from spreading throughout the body through anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects.

The previously cited preclinical research from February 2022 reports that CBD has been effective (in non-human trials) in inhibiting the progression of glioblastoma; breast, lung, prostate and colon cancer; and melanoma. It explains: “Much of CBD’s anti-tumour activity is via its regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and immune modulation (all important in tumorigenesis).” Among other examples of supporting evidence, the article adds: “CBD can modulate the tumour microenvironment, reducing secretion of cytokines from cancer cells.”

Image credit: Mikael Häggström, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

How realistic is this?

To reiterate, the preceding content is provided as food for thought and does not purport to present significant scientific evidence of theoretical applications of medical cannabis. Also, the effects of cannabinoids on cancer are hard to predict or repeat. According to March 2025 research published in “Frontiers in Immunology,” the effects are modulated by the:

  • Repertoire of cannabinoid receptors, which is affected by the type and stage of the cancer
  • Gut microbiome, which affects most physiological and pathological processes
  • Potential entourage effect, which results in not being able to tell whether CBD, THC or some other cannabinoid was responsible for the effect
  • Interactions with drugs (chemotherapy, etc.)

The motivation behind entertaining these ideas is the reality that current anticancer therapies are limited in their efficacy by such things as chemotherapeutic resistance, tumor localization in hard-to-reach tissues, and the severe adverse effects of these therapies. Additionally, there is implicit credibility deriving from March 2022 findings published in “British Journal of Cancer”:

“[A] large body of data suggests that the anticancer effects of cannabinoids are exerted at multiple levels of tumour progression via different signal transduction mechanisms. Accordingly, there is considerable evidence for cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, tumour invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy.”

These are complemented by November 2025 findings published in “Phytomedicine Plus”:

“Autoimmune disorders provide considerable difficulties to patients and healthcare professionals due to their complicated etiology and diverse symptoms. A vital underlying cause for the interest in cannabis as a therapeutic agent is its immunomodulatory characteristics. Cannabinoids’ immunological effects show promise for treating several autoimmune diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).”

Discover medical marijuana’s potential to cure cancer, multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury and disease, and HIV/AIDS in prior Head Magazine research. Photo by Rose Kelly / pexels.com

As for how seriously these potential benefits are taken by those who study them, an April 2025 literature review of over 10,000 peer-reviewed research papers on medical cannabis states:

“The findings indicate a strong and growing consensus within the scientific community regarding the therapeutic benefits of cannabis, particularly in the context of cancer. The consistent correlation strengths for cannabis as both a palliative adjunct and a potential anticarcinogenic agent redefine the consensus around cannabis as a medical intervention.” 

At the root of this optimistic speculation is the human body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), whose regulation is linked to cancer and other diseases. As explained in “Drug Metabolism Reviews”:

“The endocannabinoid system is currently under intense investigation due to the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based drugs as treatment options for a broad variety of diseases including cancer. Besides the canonical endocannabinoid system that includes the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, recent investigations suggest that other fatty acid derivatives, receptors, enzymes, and lipid transporters likewise orchestrate this system as components of the endocannabinoid system when defined as an extended signaling network. As such, fatty acids acting at cannabinoid receptors (e.g. 2-arachidonoyl glyceryl ether [noladin ether], N-arachidonoyldopamine) as well as endocannabinoid-like substances that do not elicit cannabinoid receptor activation (e.g. N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine) have raised interest as anticancerogenic substances. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase, lipid transport proteins of the fatty acid binding protein family, additional cannabinoid-activated G protein-coupled receptors, members of the transient receptor potential family as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been considered as targets of antitumoral cannabinoid activity.”

In and beyond the United States, research on medical marijuana is being conducted in academia, professional organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and biotech companies

Despite the support present and growing in the scientific community though, always consult your physician and a cannabis nurse for authoritative input on the practical potential of treating cancer with cannabis. 

Head Magazine collaborated with renowned cannabis nurse Dr. Pepper Hernandez to impart knowledge about medical marijuana in our series “Head Magazine at Cannabis University.”

General Guidance and Cautions 

You can get the plant’s cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBG, CBN, etc.) into your system through ingested cannabis (edibles, baked goods, tea, raw cannabis, etc.), sublingual cannabis (tinctures, sprays, etc.) and topicals (lotions, patches, etc.). Note that the type of product chosen will have its own onset of action (i.e., how long it takes for you to feel the effects) and peak and duration of effects.

If tinctures are mysteries to you, read “All You Need to Know About Cannabis Tinctures.” Photo by: tinnakornlek / 123rf.com

Cannigma provides the following safety practices: 

  • Wait 60+ minutes after taking pharmaceuticals before using cannabis oils, tinctures or edibles. 
  • Limit high-THC doses (over 50 mg/day), especially during immunotherapy.
  • Keep a journal to track your reactions and adjust doses gradually.
  • Consider balancing THC with CBD, which may help offset some of THC’s psychoactive effects.

CannaKeys provides the following dosing guidance:

  • THC:
    • Micro dose: 0.1 mg to 0.4 mg
    • Low dose: 0.5 mg to 5 mg
    • Medium dose: 6 mg to 20 mg
    • High dose: 21 mg to 50+ mg
  • CBD
    • Low dose: 0.4 mg to 19 mg
    • Medium dose: 20 mg to 99 mg
    • High dose: 100 mg to 800+ mg 

It’s also very important to make informed decisions about where and how you purchase cannabis products. People who sell them from somewhere other than a licensed establishment (i.e., street sellers and strangers online) are not subject to the strict controls imposed on cannabis businesses by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. You could end up buying a product that is contaminated with pesticides, bacteria, mold or other harmful or unknown substances. 

Once you have your products, make sure to store them in a clean, dry, cool area so that you can preserve their safety and efficacy. And if you have children and/or pets, make sure that the products are well beyond their reach.

Conclusion

Cannabis has great potential to fight cancer, but it lacks the evidence to prove what it’s capable of, largely resulting from legal obstacles. As more clinical trials are conducted around the world with humans as subjects, the theories presented above will be proven or disproven by the accumulation of scientifically significant empirical (versus anecdotal) evidence. Until then, speculations about its potential appear to be completely justifiable, and those will have to suffice while we wait.

The information in this article and any included images are for educational purposes only. This information is neither a substitute for, nor does it replace, professional legal advice or medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about laws, regulations or your health, you should always consult an attorney, physician or other licensed professional.

Kathleen Hearons is a writer, editor, linguist and voice over actor from Los Angeles. She specializes in creative writing and research-intensive analysis and reporting.

 

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