Italy Pushes to Reclassify CBD as Narcotic

The U.S. government compartmentalizes cannabis’s components for the sake of regulating the plant. Cannabis with more than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is “marijuana” and illegal, and cannabis with 0.3% or less THC is “hemp” and legal. So, you can buy cannabidiol (CBD) products without triggering a Drug Enforcement Agency raid because CBD comes from hemp, which the government says is OK.

In Italy, the central government’s equivalents, respectively, are “cannabis terapeutica” (medical cannabis), which contains more than 0.2% THC and is illegal, and “cannabis light,” which contains 0.2% or less THC and is (tenuously) legal. However, whereas the stronger of these – marijuana – is undergoing review in the United States to be regulated less, the lighter of these – cannabis light – is undergoing review in Italy to be banned outright.

Could Italy become the only European country to outlaw a compound that has no narcotic effect but has proven therapeutic properties? And what will happen to Italy on the domestic and international fronts if its government does that?

Author’s note: The author conducted research in Italian and used Google’s translation plug-in to provide citations in English in this article, noting that where applicable. Readers who click on the associated hyperlinked sources cited will be directed to material written in Italian.

Cannabis Light: The Basics

What is cannabis light?

Mostly known and spelled throughout Italy as “cannabis light,” but also called “canapa legale” (“legal cannabis”), “cannabis CBD” and “marijuana light,” this is the legal equivalent of hemp but also encompasses CBD even when “CBD” isn’t specified. In addition to CBD products, it’s used to produce fabrics and clothing, paper and packaging, ecofriendly building materials, bioplastics and biofuels, and a variety of foods (oil, flour, milk, snack and energy bars, etc.).

Hemp dress from Made Trade. Learn about the numerous advantages of clothing made of hemp (aka cannabis light) in our articles about hemp swimwear and top-designer luxury hemp fashion. 

More specifically though, cannabis light is the substance obtained from the inflorescences of the female cannabis plant: its flowers. (The male cannabis plant creates pollen for the female’s flowers, and no flowers of its own.) The inflorescences are selected for their low THC content and richness in CBD, and they are sold as-is in most cannabis light stores. When you want a higher CBD concentration, you purchase unopened, dried buds instead of fully bloomed inflorescences.

How is cannabis light cultivated?

The intricate process for cultivating cannabis light requires controlling the:

• Land preparation.
• Planting density.
• Mulching.
• Sowing depth.
• Nutrients and light during the vegetative phase.
• Irrigation.
• Adjustments during the photoperiod.
• Defoliation.
• Pruning.
• Drying.
• Tanning.
• Temperature.
• Humidity.
• Air circulation.

Also, the seeds you use must be certified by the European Community to prove that they are capable of guaranteeing the THC limits imposed by current regulations.

 

What kind of cannabis is legal in Italy (as of August 2024)?

First, it’s important to clarify that cannabis light is legal only if you consume it in any way other than smoking it. As explained by the Istituto Europeo delle Dipendenze (European Institute for Addiction) and translated by Google:

“In Italy smoking remains illegal even with [cannabis light]. According to the guidelines established by current legislation, in fact, [cannabis light] can be grown and sold throughout the country and used for various purposes (food, cosmetics, textiles, clothing, in green building) but not for recreational purposes. In other words, if it is smoked it remains illegal in all legal respects, while it can be used safely in the kitchen to prepare various types of drinks and foods.”

Cannabis light emerged from Legge 2 dicembre 2016, n. 242 (Law 242 of 2016). The Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Leonardo da Vinci National Museum of Science and Technology) summarizes the law well. As translated by Google, it states:

“[Law 242] allows the cultivation and processing of cannabis sativa to produce food, cosmetics,  materials for industry, to carry out teaching or research activities and as an ornamental plant, provided that the THC content of its marketed derivatives is no higher than 0.2%, with a tolerance margin of less than 0.6%. Although the law does not authorize the production and sale of cannabis derivatives for smoking or inhalation, following its approval, a legal market of low-THC products has developed in Italy, which are in fact also used for this purpose.”

For further clarification, the museum notes that (as translated by Google):

“In Italy, the production, processing, trafficking, possession and use of leaves, inflorescences, oil and resin of cannabis and preparations containing them are prohibited, pursuant to the Consolidated Law on Narcotics of 1990. Exceptions to this prohibition concern cannabis for therapeutic use and the so-called cannabis light.”

Italian cannabis light vendor Crystal Weed notes that (as translated by Google):

“[I]n addition to the 2016 law, over the years, there have been several ministerial circulars and rulings by the Court of Cassation. The United Criminal Sections of the Court of Cassation with provisional information number 15 dated May 30, 2019, have established that the marketing of cannabis sativa L. and, in particular, leaves, inflorescences, oil, resin, can be marketed only if in practice they have no drug effect.”

Does cannabis light get you high?

No. In fact, a cabinet-level politician in Italy recently made a gaffe reiterating that point, causing the internet to go wild with memes. (Good luck finding one now though!) Agriculture Minister Francesco Lollobrigida, when offered a cannabis light joint by a reporter on TV, turned it down, saying (as translated by Google): “No, for goodness’ sake, no. If you’re going to smoke a joint, do it right.” (Note: To appreciate the humor in that, you need to know that this guy is a member of the political party pushing to ban cannabis light, and he had just stated his opposition to cannabis cultivation. Porca miseria.)

But what does the science say? The ciociari from Canapa Farm in Frosinone, Lazio, distill the science into a concise summary. They explain it by examining cannabis light’s interaction with the body’s endocannabinoid system, and they compare that with marijuana’s (as THC) interaction with that system. As translated by Google, it reads:

“[T]he activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the human body greatly limits the negative effects of THC, containing and avoiding all the possible negative symptoms linked to the intake of marijuana. In short, cannabis light can produce a notable relaxing effect, without causing that feeling of high or euphoria that is often generated by illegal cannabis due to its high level of the psychotropic molecule tetrahydrocannabinol [THC].”

Building on that, Italian medical cannabis provider Clinn points out that while the low concentration of THC avoids psychoactive effects, the large presence of CBD actually counteracts any would-be psychoactive effects anyhow.

Grower and online cannabis light vendor Canapa Montana breaks down the effects of cannabis light by subspecies: sativa, indica and hybrid sativa-indica. Cannabis light sativa energizes and stimulates the body and mind, increasing the consumer’s energy and improving their concentration to keep them active and focused. Cannabis light indica relaxes and calms the body and mind, producing a sedative effect and relief from stress and anxiety, as well as muscle relaxation. Cannabis light sativa-indica hybrid, depending on the proportions of each in one hybrid plant (one subspecies is always dominant), provides a balanced feeling of relaxation that combines mental stimulation with physical relief.

The Movement Against Cannabis Light

What has Italy’s government been up to?

As previously explained, cannabis light has been legal in Italy since the passage of Law 242 in 2016, given that low-THC cannabis (as “hemp”) is listed in the European Union’s (EU) Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species. In fact, according to the European Industrial Hemp Association, there are 75 hemp varieties registered in that catalog.

Notwithstanding, in June 2024, Prime Minster Giorgia Meloni’s administration proposed revoking Law 242’s exemption of low-THC cannabis from cannabis sanctions. And as political parties other than Meloni’s argued the case against doing that, something was done while everyone’s attention was diverted.

On June 27, the Minister of Health added CBD to Italy’s official list of substances containing narcotics. This action wasn’t made public until its announcement on July 6 though, and it didn’t take effect formally until 30 days after its announcement. (Of note, that sleight of hand had been tried in August 2023 but failed in October of that year due to opposition.) Journalist Paolo Dimalio put it perfectly when he said (as translated by Google), “With its left hand, the State has helped and supported light cannabis, while the right is razing it to the ground.” Accidenti.

Wondering what the differences are between hemp, CBD and marijuana? Hear them explained by a doctor in our feature story on those./Image Credit: Tinnakorn Jorruang/123RF.com

While that was going on, on July 31, the joint Constitutional Affairs and Justice committees of the Chamber (Italy’s equivalent of the U.S. House of Representatives) moved to advance Meloni’s plan. They added it to an existing bill, Atto Camera (A.C.) 1660, Disposizioni in materia di sicurezza pubblica, di tutela del personale in servizio, nonché di vittime dell’usura e di ordinamento penitenziario (translated by Google as House Act 1660, Provisions on public safety, protection of personnel in service, as well as victims of usury and prison system). A.C. 1660 has been in work since Jan. 22, 2024, so tacking on the CBD ban instead of initiating a new bill fast-tracked the maneuvering.

Commonly referred to simply as “the Security Bill,” this pending legislation, if passed, will make all flowering cannabis plants illegal under the Consolidated Law on Narcotic Substances. This means no more cultivation, importing, processing, possessing and selling of hemp and hemp-derived products (CBD, foods, cosmetics, etc.) in Italy – legally anyhow. From 1660-A, the amendment to A.C. 1660 proposed on Aug. 6, 2024, in Art. 18 (pp. 27-28), here’s the actual wording (as translated by Google):

Amendments to Law No. 242 of 2 December 2016, containing provisions for the promotion of the cultivation and agro-industrial supply chain of hemp:

1. In order to prevent the intake of products consisting of hemp inflorescences (Cannabis sativa L.) or containing such inflorescences from promoting, through alterations in the psychophysical state of the user, behaviors that put public safety or security or road safety at risk, the following amendments are made to Law No. 242 of 2 December 2016:

a) to Article 1:

4) after paragraph 3 the following is added: “3-bis. The provisions of this law do not apply to the importation, processing, possession, transfer, distribution, trade, transport, dispatch, shipping, delivery, sale to the public and consumption of products consisting of hemp inflorescences, even in semi-processed, dried or crushed form, or containing such inflorescences, including extracts, resins and oils derived from them. The provisions of the consolidated text referred to in the Presidential Decree of 9 October 1990, no. 309 remain unchanged.”

b) to Article 2:

2) after paragraph 3 the following is added: “3-bis. The importation, transfer, processing, distribution, trade, transport, dispatch, shipping and delivery of inflorescences of hemp grown pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, even in semi-processed, dried or shredded form, as well as of products containing or consisting of such inflorescences, including extracts, resins and oils derived from them, shall apply. The sanctions provisions set out in Title VIII of the consolidated text referred to in the Presidential Decree of 9 October 1990, no. 309.”

In September 2024, right as the cannabis harvesting season begins, both the Chamber and Senate will review the Security Bill. In order for it to pass, both must approve it. If they do, “cannabis light” will cease to exist; cannabis with 0.02% or less THC will simply be “cannabis” and regulated accordingly. And anything derived from cannabis, regardless of its THC content (notably CBD products), will become a controlled substance and require a 30-day-maximum medical prescription to be purchased. Given that CBD is already on the country’s list of narcotics though, one could speculate that this might influence the Chamber and Senate’s decision.

If CBD is reclassified in Italy as a narcotic, Italians will need a month-to-month prescription to buy even this.

What are the people and the opposition saying?

Canvassing Italian blogs commenting on this issue, you’ll find an overwhelmingly negative perception of the actions being taken by politicians purporting to represent the people. With very few exceptions, people regard this is a maneuver that will fuel hatred, crime and poverty.

Those who do support making CBD a controlled substance use pseudo-science to patch together fragments of a disjointed argument for protecting people from their own decisions for their own good. For instance, Dr. Gianni Giuli, a neuroscientist who is the director of the Pathological Addictions Department of the Territorial Health Authority of Macerata, pontificated (as translated by Google):

“I am against cannabis light and the legalization of the use of substances for a simple reason: they are harmful. … The data clearly say that there is a significant use of substances and experimentation is also high. Three families out of six think that smoking joints does nothing. Half of the people. And it is a mistake, also from a psychological and psychiatric point of view, because the brain only needs once to understand that with that substance it relaxes, stores it, does not forget it. And it gets used to this. Even if the substance is light. The biological memory of the brain thus finds the ‘shortcut,’ instead of relaxing naturally with a walk, breathing, sport. It is essential that young people, especially adolescents, learn to deal with life’s defeats because otherwise that ‘shortcut’ will come back to mind. When instead a hug would be enough to release dopamine, or the fact of passing an exam, of reaching a goal, of having a gratification.”

Well-intentioned, most likely; educated about the science behind addiction, not likely. (Anzi, dice cazzate questo stronzo.) Setting aside the appalling possibility that 3 out of 6 joint-smoking families in Macerata are being slung dime bags of oregano (humor, yes), let’s consider how naïve Dr. Giuli’s oversimplification is.

In a previous article of ours, we explored the complexity of addiction. In it, we presented data demonstrating that the “gateway drug” theory and the presumption of addictive properties in cannabis are ignorant (at best). Rather, what determines whether the 3 out of 6 joint-smoking families who are getting the chronic will carve shortcuts into their brains is 50% (minimum) genetics and 50% (maximum) psychological, social and environmental factors.

Be the better debater in an argument on how addictive weed is! Read what the data says in “Pot, Booze, Cigs, Sugar, Caffeine … Most Addictive? It Depends!” /Image Credit :Dmitry Tishchenko/123RF.com

What about other representatives in Italy’s legislative branch though, ones not in Meloni’s Brothers of Italy party (or another right-of-center party)? When the Chamber convened on Aug. 7, 2024, for Session 342, led by Chamber Vice President Sergio Costa, two representatives addressed the threat being made against cannabis light. Their comments were recorded verbatim in the session’s transcript.

Rep. Elly Schlein of the liberal Partito Democratico-Italia Democratica e Progressista party said (as translated by Google): “You are also criminalizing cannabis light, and you don’t realize that your ideological fury risks wiping out thousands of companies and more than 15,000 workers in that sector.”

Rep. Chiara Appendino, whose anti-establishment party (MoVimento 5 Stelle) applauded Schlein’s remarks, later said (as translated by Google):

“[T]here are underage boys and girls who enter prison because they sell marijuana and come out addicted to crack. Does this seem like a civilized country to you? For me, it is not. And, faced with this, what do you do? You don’t say a word about the need to insert and strengthen educators in prisons, and you arrive at the absurdity – this is absurdity! – for pure ideological fury, of outlawing even cannabis light, which has no drugging effect. But you do it, and if we are not voting for it today, it is because there are colleagues from the opposition – to whom we extend our thanks – who have opposed the outrage that you wanted to commit all night.”

Another liberal party spoke out against Meloni’s actions too. Più Europa (stylized as +Europa) Secretary Riccardo Magi called the government’s move (as translated by Google) “an unmotivated repressive and punitive push.” Expounding on that, he continued (as translated by Google):

“The government wants to cut the legs off thousands of operators in the cannabis light sector, the one with low THC content. This amendment says that cannabis light must be equated in all respects to cannabis with a high THC content, even though [cannabis light] has no drugging effect, precisely because of the low percentages of active ingredient.”

A constitutional lawyer quoted in the center-leftist newspaper “La Repubblica” provided similar commentary. Giuseppe Libutti, who works with cannabis light companies, argued that the amendment could easily be contested by appeals. From his interview with the newspaper (as translated by Google):

“As it is conceived, the amendment seems more motivated by a prejudice towards cannabis and is in contrast with the jurisprudence regarding industrial hemp [i.e., cannabis light]. Needless to say, if it were to be approved, it would open the way to numerous disputes by those who have been operating for years in the sector regulated by [Law 242 of 2016] and carry out an absolutely legal activity.”

 

How would Italy be affected domestically?

Devastating Layoffs

Here are just some of the industries whose workforces will be vaporized overnight:

• Hemp commerce (thousands of which are small businesses)
• Hemp foods (farming, harvesting, processing for seeds, pasta, bread, etc.)
• Hemp cosmetics (production and selling of hemp/CBD oils, creams, etc.)
• Hemp textiles (clothing, fabrics, etc.)
• Hemp e-cigarettes/vaping pens (electronics, plastics, etc.)
• Hemp/CBD advertising (agencies, independent designers, etc.)
• Hemp supply chain (packaging, shipping, handling, etc.)

Of note, companies that advertise hemp/CBD are subject specifically to a 2019 ruling against advertising any cannabis that has narcotic properties. If the government decrees that all cannabis is a narcotic, they’ll lose the current protection they have from that 2019 ruling with Law 242’s exemption.

Compounding that, many English-language news agencies, such as The Telegraph, report that the far-right League party of Matteo Salvini has filed its own amendment. The passage of the Security Bill with that additional amendment would forbid images of cannabis in advertising, punishable by up to two years in jail and a 20,000-euro fine.

The author was unable to find any such amendment in the publicly available documents associated with A.C. 1660. However, the idea of his having done this could tie into comments Salvini made while being interviewed at the Versiliana Festival in Marina di Pietrasanta.

Black Market Expansion

Sky News estimates that Italy’s cannabis light sector has a turnover of around 150 million euros per year. By instantly criminalizing cannabis light, that’s 150 million euros’ worth of incentive to transition from the legit market to the illicit market – a market regulated by organized crime, not elected officials.

Mass Emigration

Hemp entrepreneurs who have the means to do so are already making plans to move to cannabis-friendly countries to continue doing business in the legit market. The president of Imprenditori canna Italia has even already opened a company in the Czech Republic, where hemp with up to 1% THC is legal.

According to Il Fatto Quotidiano, other companies are looking to relocate to Slovenia, France, Austria and Germany, where high-THC hemp is legal. Unfortunately though, even those who have the funds to set up new infrastructure in those countries still have entire crops currently in bloom. And although indoor growing is an option, Il Fatto Quotidiano reports that 99% of cannabis light is grown outdoors.

More than any other location though, Africa appeals to those preparing to flee as economic refugees. Not long ago, Head reported on African nations entering the international cannabis market, so we find that plausible and not the least bit surprising.

How plausible is it to move cannabis operations to the Cradle of Civilization? More than you might think! We examine this prospect in detail in “Africa is Getting into the Cannabis Game – Get Ready!”

Nicola D’Addazio, an expert in drug legislation who provides consulting services to cannabis light companies, explains what makes African nations so appealing as a fallback plan:

“In three months, you get the authorization, and not because it’s easier; there is a clear law, a body that assists you and doesn’t hinder you, in exchange you pay a one-off tax of between 20,000 and 30,000 euros.”

By contrast, cannabis light entrepreneurs in Italy can be kept waiting for a year or longer before any progress is made toward obtaining the proper authorizations.

How would Italy be affected internationally?

If the Security Bill passes in September, it will contradict EU laws and World Health Organization (WHO) policies. The European Court of Justice clarified that CBD is not a narcotic and allows CBD-containing foods to be sold throughout Europe. So, Italy will become the outlier while going against the common market.

Similarly, the WHO’s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence determined in 2017 that CBD has no potential for abuse or causing harm. Thus, WHO-approved CBD in medicines advocated and distributed under the WHO’s auspices worldwide will now be handled differently by Italy.

By extension, the commercial impact of A.C. 1660 will hinder free trade within the EU, further violating EU regulations. Cannabis light company Canapa Sativa Italia argues this case spectacularly in an article that not only breaks down the legal infractions but even guides readers through reporting the Italian government’s violation to the European Commission. As translated by Google:

“The decree of 27 June 2024 could violate European Union regulations on hemp and free competition by introducing restrictions that are neither justified nor proportionate to the actual risks. According to European regulations, hemp and its derivatives, including products containing CBD, should not be subject to unjustified restrictions that limit the free movement of goods and competition. Furthermore, the decree was not notified to the TRIS (Technical Regulation Information System), the European Union system that requires Member States to notify new technical regulations before their adoption. This omission represents a further violation of EU procedures, which aim to ensure transparency and consistency of regulations between Member States. … This decree … also risks creating confusion and misinterpretations that could damage the entire legal hemp sector. A collective action demonstrates the importance of the sector and helps ensure that national regulations comply with EU law.”

It’s hard to fathom how picking a fight with the European Commission while trashing the domestic economy is worth the political crusade being launched by Meloni and other parties in the majority. Nonetheless, the gauntlet has been thrown down by them. E che cazzo!

Conclusion

Laws that obstruct supply historically stimulate demand. Take a look at the Prohibition Act, for instance, or even the concoction of delta-8 THC. As demand rises – or even if it remains as high as it is – for cannabis and cannabis-derived products, suppliers are at an ever-greater advantage.

The legal suppliers will be condensed down from an entire microeconomic ecosystem into one industry: pharmaceuticals. And illegal suppliers will reign supreme wherever pharmaceuticals aren’t an option for consumers. (Figuring out how easy it is to get a medical marijuana card in Italy is another research project altogether.)

If A.C. 1660 is passed, pharmaceutical companies and criminal organizations will likely be the winners, and average, law-abiding citizens will likely be the losers. It’s hard to imagine how it could play out otherwise.

But fate still hangs in the balance for Italians for now. Let’s just wait and see. Incrociate le dita!

Kathleen Hearons is a writer, editor, linguist and voice over actor from Los Angeles. She specializes in creative writing and research-intensive analysis and reporting.  

 

 

 

Sources and Suggested Reading

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A.C. 1660, Disposizioni in materia di sicurezza pubblica, di tutela del personale in servizio, nonché di vittime dell’usura e di ordinamento penitenziario. Atti Parlamentari, XIX Legislatura, Camera dei Deputati. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://www.camera.it/leg19/126?leg=19&idDocumento=1660.

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Hearons, Kathleen. “Move Over Barbie: Get Ready for Pot Girl Summer.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/move-over-barbie-get-ready-for-pot-girl-summer/. 

Hearons, Kathleen. “Plastic Pollution and the Weed Solution.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 23, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/plastic-pollution-and-the-weed-solution/.

Hearons, Kathleen. “Pot, Booze, Cigs, Sugar, Caffeine … Most Addictive? It Depends!.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/pot-booze-cigs-sugar-caffeine-most-addictive-it-depends/.

Hearons, Kathleen. “The Illogic of Illegal Weed: A Comprehensive Analysis.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/the-illogic-of-illegal-weed-a-comprehensive-analysis/.

“Hemp.” European Union Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species, European Commission. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/crop-productions-and-plant-based-products/hemp_en.

H.R.2 – An act to provide for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2023, and for other purposes. 115th U.S. Congress. December 20, 2018. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2/text. (Note: Subtitle G § 287A. Definitions states: “The term ‘hemp’ means the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.”)

“‘If you’re going to smoke a joint, do it right,’ says Meloni minister.” The Telegraph. June 4, 2024. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/06/04/francesco-lollobrigida-meloni-minister-cannabis-light-ban/.

“Il governo approva il decreto sul CBD: Impatti e Chiarimenti per il Settore della Canapa.” Canapa Sativa Italia. July 19, 2024. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.canapasativaitalia.org/l-governo-approva-il-decreto-sul-cbd-impatti-e-chiarimenti-per-il-settore-della-canapa/.

“La Cannabis Light è davvero legale? Quali precauzioni per l’utilizzo?.” Istituto Europeo delle Dipendenzi. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://magazine.istitutoeuropeodipendenze.it/cannabis-light-legale/.

“La strana teoria di Salvini contro la cannabis light: ‘Anche l’alcol fa male? È vero, ma anche bere quattro litri d’acqua.’” Il Fatto Quotidiano. August 9, 2024. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/08/09/la-strana-teoria-di-salvini-contro-la-cannabis-light-anche-lalcol-fa-male-e-vero-ma-anche-bere-quattro-litri-dacqua/7652787/.

Laugeri, Claudio. “Cannabis light tra sequestri e assoluzioni, i produttori trattati come narcos.” La Stampa. July 4, 2024. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2024/07/04/news/cannabis_inchiesta_controlli_sequestri-14445960/.

Legge 2 dicembre 2016, n. 242. Accessed August 23, 2024. https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2016/12/30/16G00258/sg.

“Lo spinello di Lollobrigida.” Agence France Press, via Salute. June 4, 2024. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://salute.aduc.it/notizia/spinello+lollobrigida_140275.php.

Lucisano, Dario. “L’Italia mette di nuovo il CBD tra le droghe vietate: è l’unico Paese europeo.” July 8, 2024. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.lindipendente.online/2024/07/08/litalia-mette-di-nuovo-il-cbd-tra-le-droghe-vietate-e-lunico-paese-europeo/.

“Marijuana light: vendita, possesso e regolamentazione.” Crystal Weed. April 25, 2023. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://crystalweed.it/cannabis-legale-vendita-possesso-e-regolamentazione/.

Parker, Charlotte. “Head Magazine Goes to the 2024 National Cannabis Industry Lobby Days in Washington, D.C.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 25, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/head-magazine-goes-to-the-2024-national-cannabis-industry-lobby-days-in-washington-d-c/.

Resoconto stenografico dell’Assemblea, Seduta n. 342 di mercoledì 7 agosto 2024. XIX Legislatura. August 7, 2024. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://www.camera.it/leg19/410?idSeduta=0342&tipo=stenografico#sed0342.stenografico.tit00170.

“Stop alla cannabis light. Lo prevede un emendamento del governo al ddl sicurezza.” Repubblica. May 25, 2024. August 22, 2024. https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/05/25/news/cannabis_light_stop_governo_emendamento-423108959/.

Teitlebaum, Jacob, M.D. “A Hemp Oil, CBD and Marijuana Primer.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/a-hemp-oil-cbd-and-marijuana-primer/.

“Tipologie di cannabis light: come scegliere quella più adatta a te.” Canapa Montana. February 20, 2024. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://canapamontana.it/blog/tipologie-cannabis-light/.

Valsecchi, Maria Christina. “Che cosa comporta il nuovo emendamento sulla cannabis?.” Museu Nationale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci. August 1, 2024. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.museoscienza.org/it/fatti-per-capire/cannabis-light.

Warren, Michael. “Indoor vs. Outdoor Cannabis: Pros and Cons.” Head Magazine. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://headmagazine.com/indoor-vs-outdoor-cannabis-pros-and-cons/.

XIX Legislatura: progetti di legge attualmente in discussion. Accessed August 24, 2024. https://www.avvisopubblico.it/home/home/cosa-facciamo/informare/osservatorio-parlamentare/attivita-legislativa/attivita-legislativa-nella-xix-legislatura/xix-legislatura-progetti-di-legge-attualmente-in-discussione/.